# Pythonプログラミング：ニューラルネットワーク

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## Predicting Student Admissions with Neural Networks¶

In this notebook, we predict student admissions to graduate school at UCLA based on three pieces of data:

• GRE Scores (Test)
• GPA Scores (Grades)
• Class rank (1-4)

The dataset originally came from here:

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/

## Loading the data¶

To load the data and format it nicely, we will use two very useful packages called Pandas and Numpy. You can read on the documentation here:
データをロードして、そのデータを綺麗にフォーマットするために、PandasとNumpyと呼ばれる便利なパッケージを使用する。参考文献は以下のサイトで参照できる。

# Importing pandas and numpy
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

# Reading the csv file into a pandas DataFrame
data = pd.read_csv('student_data.csv')

# Printing out the first 10 rows of our data
data[:10]

admit gre gpa rank
0 0 380 3.61 3
1 1 660 3.67 3
2 1 800 4.00 1
3 1 640 3.19 4
4 0 520 2.93 4
5 1 760 3.00 2
6 1 560 2.98 1
7 0 400 3.08 2
8 1 540 3.39 3
9 0 700 3.92 2

## Plotting the data¶

First let’s make a plot of our data to see how it looks. In order to have a 2D plot, let’s ingore the rank.

# Importing matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

# Function to help us plot
def plot_points(data):
X = np.array(data[["gre","gpa"]])
y = np.array(data["admit"])
admitted = X[np.argwhere(y==1)]
rejected = X[np.argwhere(y==0)]
plt.scatter([s[0][0] for s in rejected], [s[0][1] for s in rejected], s = 25, color = 'red', edgecolor = 'k')
plt.scatter([s[0][0] for s in admitted], [s[0][1] for s in admitted], s = 25, color = 'cyan', edgecolor = 'k')
plt.xlabel('Test (GRE)')
plt.ylabel('Grades (GPA)')

# Plotting the points
plot_points(data)
plt.show()


Roughly, it looks like the students with high scores in the grades and test passed, while the ones with low scores didn’t, but the data is not as nicely separable as we hoped it would. Maybe it would help to take the rank into account? Let’s make 4 plots, each one for each rank.

# Separating the ranks
data_rank1 = data[data["rank"]==1]
data_rank2 = data[data["rank"]==2]
data_rank3 = data[data["rank"]==3]
data_rank4 = data[data["rank"]==4]

# Plotting the graphs
plot_points(data_rank1)
plt.title("Rank 1")
plt.show()
plot_points(data_rank2)
plt.title("Rank 2")
plt.show()
plot_points(data_rank3)
plt.title("Rank 3")
plt.show()
plot_points(data_rank4)
plt.title("Rank 4")
plt.show()


This looks more promising, as it seems that the lower the rank, the higher the acceptance rate. Let’s use the rank as one of our inputs. In order to do this, we should one-hot encode it.
ランクが低いほど合格率が高くなるので、かなり良い線行っているように思える。ランクを入力の1つとして使ってみる。これを実現するためにはランクをone-hotエンコードする必要がある。

## TODO: One-hot encoding the rank¶

Use the get_dummies function in pandas in order to one-hot encode the data.
データをone-hotエンコードするために、pandasのget_dummies関数を使う。

Hint: To drop a column, it’s suggested that you use one_hot_data.drop( ).
ヒント：列を省くのにone_hot_data.dropを使うように推奨されている。

# TODO:  Make dummy variables for rank and concat existing columns
one_hot_data = pd.concat([data, pd.get_dummies(data['rank'], prefix='rank')], axis=1)

# TODO: Drop the previous rank column
one_hot_data = one_hot_data.drop('rank', axis=1)

# Print the first 10 rows of our data
one_hot_data[:10]

admit gre gpa rank_1 rank_2 rank_3 rank_4
0 0 380 3.61 0 0 1 0
1 1 660 3.67 0 0 1 0
2 1 800 4.00 1 0 0 0
3 1 640 3.19 0 0 0 1
4 0 520 2.93 0 0 0 1
5 1 760 3.00 0 1 0 0
6 1 560 2.98 1 0 0 0
7 0 400 3.08 0 1 0 0
8 1 540 3.39 0 0 1 0
9 0 700 3.92 0 1 0 0

## TODO: Scaling the data¶

The next step is to scale the data. We notice that the range for grades is 1.0-4.0, whereas the range for test scores is roughly 200-800, which is much larger. This means our data is skewed, and that makes it hard for a neural network to handle. Let’s fit our two features into a range of 0-1, by dividing the grades by 4.0, and the test score by 800.

# Making a copy of our data
processed_data = one_hot_data[:]

# TODO: Scale the columns
processed_data['gre'] = processed_data['gre']/800
processed_data['gpa'] = processed_data['gpa']/4.0

# Printing the first 10 rows of our procesed data
processed_data[:10]

admit gre gpa rank_1 rank_2 rank_3 rank_4
0 0 0.475 0.9025 0 0 1 0
1 1 0.825 0.9175 0 0 1 0
2 1 1.000 1.0000 1 0 0 0
3 1 0.800 0.7975 0 0 0 1
4 0 0.650 0.7325 0 0 0 1
5 1 0.950 0.7500 0 1 0 0
6 1 0.700 0.7450 1 0 0 0
7 0 0.500 0.7700 0 1 0 0
8 1 0.675 0.8475 0 0 1 0
9 0 0.875 0.9800 0 1 0 0

## Splitting the data into Training and Testing¶

In order to test our algorithm, we’ll split the data into a Training and a Testing set. The size of the testing set will be 10% of the total data.
アルゴリズムをテストするために、データを学習とテストセットに分割する。テストセットのサイズは全データの10％にする。

sample = np.random.choice(processed_data.index, size=int(len(processed_data)*0.9), replace=False)
train_data, test_data = processed_data.iloc[sample], processed_data.drop(sample)

print("Number of training samples is", len(train_data))
print("Number of testing samples is", len(test_data))
print(train_data[:10])
print(test_data[:10])

Number of training samples is 360
Number of testing samples is 40
admit    gre     gpa  rank_1  rank_2  rank_3  rank_4
313      1  0.650  0.9125       0       0       0       1
389      0  0.800  0.8775       0       1       0       0
208      0  0.675  0.7900       0       0       1       0
53       1  0.850  0.8175       0       1       0       0
241      1  0.650  0.9525       1       0       0       0
239      0  0.875  0.8625       0       0       1       0
236      1  0.825  0.8725       0       1       0       0
94       1  0.825  0.8600       0       1       0       0
156      0  0.700  0.6300       0       1       0       0
350      1  0.975  1.0000       0       1       0       0
admit    gre     gpa  rank_1  rank_2  rank_3  rank_4
6       1  0.700  0.7450       1       0       0       0
9       0  0.875  0.9800       0       1       0       0
16      0  0.975  0.9675       0       0       0       1
37      0  0.650  0.7250       0       0       1       0
42      1  0.750  0.7875       0       1       0       0
47      0  0.625  0.7425       0       0       0       1
55      1  0.925  1.0000       0       0       1       0
84      1  0.625  0.9000       0       0       1       0
91      1  0.900  0.9100       1       0       0       0
96      0  0.800  0.8800       0       0       0       1


## Splitting the data into features and targets (labels)¶

Now, as a final step before the training, we’ll split the data into features (X) and targets (y).

features = train_data.drop('admit', axis=1)
targets = train_data['admit']
features_test = test_data.drop('admit', axis=1)
targets_test = test_data['admit']

print(features[:10])
print(targets[:10])

       gre     gpa  rank_1  rank_2  rank_3  rank_4
313  0.650  0.9125       0       0       0       1
389  0.800  0.8775       0       1       0       0
208  0.675  0.7900       0       0       1       0
53   0.850  0.8175       0       1       0       0
241  0.650  0.9525       1       0       0       0
239  0.875  0.8625       0       0       1       0
236  0.825  0.8725       0       1       0       0
94   0.825  0.8600       0       1       0       0
156  0.700  0.6300       0       1       0       0
350  0.975  1.0000       0       1       0       0
313    1
389    0
208    0
53     1
241    1
239    0
236    1
94     1
156    0
350    1
Name: admit, dtype: int64


## Training the 2-layer Neural Network¶

The following function trains the 2-layer neural network. First, we’ll write some helper functions.

# Activation (sigmoid) function
def sigmoid(x):
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
def sigmoid_prime(x):
return sigmoid(x) * (1-sigmoid(x))
def error_formula(y, output):
return - y*np.log(output) - (1 - y) * np.log(1-output)


## TODO: Backpropagate the error¶

Now it’s your turn to shine. Write the error term. Remember that this is given by the equation $$(y-\hat{y}) \sigma'(x)$$

# TODO: Write the error term formula
def error_term_formula(x, y, output):
return (y - output)*sigmoid_prime(x)

# Neural Network hyperparameters
epochs = 1000
learnrate = 0.5

# Training function
def train_nn(features, targets, epochs, learnrate):

# Use to same seed to make debugging easier
np.random.seed(42)

n_records, n_features = features.shape
last_loss = None

# Initialize weights
weights = np.random.normal(scale=1 / n_features**.5, size=n_features)

for e in range(epochs):
del_w = np.zeros(weights.shape)
for x, y in zip(features.values, targets):
# Loop through all records, x is the input, y is the target

# Activation of the output unit
#   Notice we multiply the inputs and the weights here
#   rather than storing h as a separate variable
output = sigmoid(np.dot(x, weights))

# The error, the target minus the network output
error = error_formula(y, output)

# The error term
error_term = error_term_formula(x, y, output)

# The gradient descent step, the error times the gradient times the inputs
del_w += error_term * x

# Update the weights here. The learning rate times the
# change in weights, divided by the number of records to average
weights += learnrate * del_w / n_records

# Printing out the mean square error on the training set
if e % (epochs / 10) == 0:
out = sigmoid(np.dot(features, weights))
loss = np.mean((out - targets) ** 2)
print("Epoch:", e)
if last_loss and last_loss < loss:
print("Train loss: ", loss, "  WARNING - Loss Increasing")
else:
print("Train loss: ", loss)
last_loss = loss
print("=========")
print("Finished training!")
return weights

weights = train_nn(features, targets, epochs, learnrate)

Epoch: 0
Train loss:  0.2716916225608664
=========
Epoch: 100
Train loss:  0.2098296598462136
=========
Epoch: 200
Train loss:  0.20796935566348312
=========
Epoch: 300
Train loss:  0.20705905323184473
=========
Epoch: 400
Train loss:  0.20659176491520784
=========
Epoch: 500
Train loss:  0.2063279149156066
=========
Epoch: 600
Train loss:  0.20615873825057648
=========
Epoch: 700
Train loss:  0.20603476268814955
=========
Epoch: 800
Train loss:  0.20593313867584284
=========
Epoch: 900
Train loss:  0.2058431097440896
=========
Finished training!


## Calculating the Accuracy on the Test Data¶

# Calculate accuracy on test data
test_out = sigmoid(np.dot(features_test, weights))
predictions = test_out > 0.5
accuracy = np.mean(predictions == targets_test)
print("Prediction accuracy: {:.3f}".format(accuracy))

Prediction accuracy: 0.750

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